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Sunday, May 6, 2012
Facebook Messenger update makes it even harder to blow people off
Your friends just don't get it. While they're still bumming around in Nikes, dorms and doomed relationships, your life has recently become more serious. That's why you sometimes need to hide from their constant, mindless barrage of messages, and also why you probably won't install the newly updated Facebook Messenger app v1.7. In line with FB's "mobile first" strategy, it debuts key new functions on iOS and Android, including instant and compulsory "seen by" read receipts as well as optional "sent from" notifications. So, in addition to knowing how aloof you've become, they'll be able to track you down and slap your face.
Facebook Messenger update makes it even harder to blow people off originally appeared on Engadget on Sat, 05 May 2012 18:11:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.
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Are educators showing a 'positive bias' to minority students?
ScienceDaily (May 4, 2012) ? Remember that teacher you grumbled about back in your school days, the really tough one who made you work so hard, insisted you could do better, and made you sweat for your A's? The one you didn't appreciate until after you graduated and realized how much you had learned?
Minority students in the U.S. might have fewer of those teachers, at least compared to white students, and as a result they might be at a significant learning disadvantage.
A major study, led by Rutgers-Newark psychology professor Kent D. Harber, indicates that public school teachers under-challenge minority students by providing them more positive feedback than they give to white students, for work of equal merit. The study, which is currently available online in the Journal of Educational Psychology (JEP), involved 113 white middle school and high school teachers in two public school districts located in the New York/New Jersey/Connecticut tri-state area, one middle class and white, and the other more working class and racially mixed.
Teachers read and commented on a poorly written essay which they believed was composed by a student in a writing class. Some teachers thought the student was black, some thought the student was Latino, and some thought that the student was white. Teachers believed that their feedback would be sent directly to the student, in order to see how the student would benefit from their comments and advice.
In fact, there was no actual student, and the poorly written essay was developed by Harber and his team. The real purpose was to see how teachers would respond to subpar work due to the race of the student who composed it. As Harber and his team predicted, the teachers displayed a "positive feedback bias," providing more praise and less criticism if they thought the essay was written by a minority student than by a white student.
An important aspect of the positive bias was that it depended on how much social support teachers received from their fellow teachers and administrators -- but only if the student was black. In This case, teachers lacking social support showed the positive bias, while those who enjoyed support did not show the bias. Teachers who thought the student was Latino showed the bias, regardless of their school-based social support.
"The social implications of these results are important; many minority students might not be getting input from instructors that stimulates intellectual growth and fosters achievement," notes Harber. "Some education scholars believe that minorities under-perform because they are insufficiently challenged -- the 'bigotry of lowered expectations,' in popular parlance," he explains. "The JEP study indicates one important way that this insufficient challenge might occur: in positively biased feedback," according to Harber.
Harber believes that the positive feedback bias might help explain the stubborn academic performance gap between minority students and white students, an enduring social problem that threatens to "reverse social successes won through legislation, jurisprudence, and changing cultural attitudes" toward minorities. Previous attempts to address the performance gap have, correctly, examined inequalities in school funding, racism, and distrust of academia in some minority communities, notes the report.
The current study suggests that the performance gap might also be due to a cause that has received relatively little attention: the nature of instructional feedback from white teachers to minority students.
Harber believes the study's findings have implications not only for educational systems in the U.S. but also for businesses and in fact any organization where performance appraisals and feedback are crucial tools for training and development.
The study builds on and expands Harber's previous demonstrations of the positive feedback bias, involving college students in 1998 and in 2004, and teacher trainees in 2010. His partners on this latest study are: Jamie L. Gorman and Frank P. Gengaro, Rutgers University, Newark; Samantha Butisingh and William Tsang, Rutgers University, New Brunswick; and Rebecca Ouellette, Fairleigh Dickinson University.
Harber and his team believe their findings could have broad implications for teachers, parents and students, and business leaders. He is available to explain in detail how the research was conducted, who was involved, the analysis and outcomes.
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Story Source:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Rutgers University. The original article was written by Carla Capizzi.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- Kent D. Harber, Jamie L. Gorman, Frank P. Gengaro, Samantha Butisingh, William Tsang, Rebecca Ouellette. Students' Race and Teachers' Social Support Affect the Positive Feedback Bias in Public Schools.. Journal of Educational Psychology, 2012; DOI: 10.1037/a0028110
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
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Saturday, May 5, 2012
'American Idol': Who Made the Top Four?
Find out who was eliminated this week and who still has a shot at winning it all!
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How Does UK Income Tax Work? | Business
Every person in the UK gets a certain amount of tax free allowance each tax year. This means that you don?t pay tax on this amount of your earnings. For the 2012/13 tax year which started on April 6th, the standard tax free allowance (also known as your personal allowance) is ?8,105.
If you earn less than this then you won?t pay any tax. You pay tax on anything above this amount and the percentage you pay will depend on your income level. This handy tax calculator is perfect for checking how much tax you will pay based on your income.
For an income level of ?0-?34,370 you would pay 20% tax on anything over ?8,105 ? this is known as the basic rate.
Higher rate tax is chargeable at 40% and is deducted on any earnings that fall between ?34,371 and ?150,000. This is in addition to the 20% payable between ?0 and ?34,370.
Additional rate tax is a whopping 50% and this is charged on any earnings over ?150,000. Again, this would be in addition to the higher and basic rate band deductions.
There are also a number of increases available to your personal allowance depending on age and circumstance. Here?s a quick breakdown of the extras:
- Aged 65-74. If you are between these ages, then your personal allowance rises from ?8,105 to ?10,500.
- Aged 75+. If you are over 75 then you get an extra increase of ?160 to ?10,660.
- Blind persons allowance. If you are registered as blind, then an additional ?2,100 is added to your total personal allowance amount.
Other tax free allowances are available for married couple over a certain age, and some people are exempt from making National Insurance contributions, which increases their net income.
There are of course exceptions to these income tax rules, which is why using an income tax calculator is a good way to check what your actual personal allowance is. If your income level is over ?100,000 (or over ?25,400 for people aged 65+) then your personal allowance can actually be decreased by ?1 for every ?2 over the limit you are.
Another thing to take into consideration when trying to work out your income tax, NI and net pay is whether or not you pay into a pension, have childcare vouchers through your employer, or earn enough to repay your student loan.
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